By Reference Parameter Passing

MAXScript supports by-reference parameter passing. This allows a reference to be passed to a variable, property, or array element in the caller's context as a parameter to a function and any assignments to that parameter in the called function is assigned directly to the caller's variable, property, or array element. This is often used as a mechanism for passing multiple results back from a function.

To define by-reference parameters for a function, you need to prefix them with an '&' character.

System Exception Note:

The following example is an error:

ERROR EXAMPLE

fn test1 &p3 = return &p3.x
p=[1,2,3]
r=test1 p
*r

Result: access violation!

It is an error to pass back a reference to a local that has gone from the call stack, but it is very difficult to detect this efficiently. Be careful not to pass back &refs to local variables as it might cause system exceptions.

EXAMPLE

function foo x y &z =
(
-- ...
z = x * y
-- ...
return true
)
-- test function
z = 12
foo 5 6 &z

Declares a function taking three parameters, x, y and z. The &z in the parameter list indicates the z parameter is to be passed by-reference. To call this function, you provide a reference value for the z parameter using the new '&' reference operator.

local var1, var2
...
var1 = foo 2 3 &var2

The above example calls the foo function with the arguments 2, 3 and &var2 . The &var2 is a reference to the var2 local variable. When the function is called, the z parameter in the body is a reference to var2 local in the caller, and the

z = x * y

in the body of foo will cause x * y to be assigned to the var2 local in the caller. After

var1 = foo 2 3 &var2

var1 will contain true and var2 will contain x * y or 6 .

Any number of by-reference parameters can be used and they can be keyword parameters if needed:

fn foo x y &z: = ...

called like this:

var1 = foo 2 3 z:&var2

The ' & ' reference operator used to supply references in a call can be applied to any <accessor> construct in MAXScript. These are:

variables (locals, globals, rollout locals, plug-in locals, etc.)
property access
array index
parameter (of a scripted plug-in)

EXAMPLE

p = [1, 2, 3]
foo 2 3 &p.x

would cause the x coordinate in the point to be passed by-reference and so after the call, the value in p would be

[6, 2, 3]

EXAMPLE

a = #(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
foo 2 3 &a[3]

would cause the 3rd element in the array to be passed by-reference and so after the call, the value in a would be #(1, 2, 6, 4, 5)

NOTE:

This mechanism is used by the Function Publishing interface in MAXScript to support BY-REF interface method parameters and results. Any parameter defined as by-ref (or with a type code suffix _BR) in the published interface, requires an '&' reference value.

By Reference Parameter Passing

See Also