Flow boundary conditions typically represent a quantity or state at a model opening. For 3D models, you apply these conditions to model surfaces; for 2D models, you apply these conditions to edges.
Use the Boundary Conditions quick edit dialog to assign all boundary conditions. There several ways to open the quick edit dialog:
Velocity is commonly used as an inlet boundary condition. It can be specified as normal to the selected surface or in Cartesian coordinates. A velocity can be applied to an outlet, if the direction is defined as out of the model.
To assign a Velocity condition that is normal (perpendicular) to the selected surface:
Example assigning Velocity Boundary Condition
Unless the objective of an internal flow simulation is to study entrance effects, most pipe and duct flows are assumed to be fully developed. The fully developed flow profile is generally more physically realistic than a uniform (slug) profile. Its use eliminates the need to add an entrance length upstream of the model inlet.
The Fully Developed profile is an option for the Velocity (Normal direction) and Volume Flow Rate boundary conditions. It is available for the following planar surface types: quadrilateral (4 edges), circular (1 edge or 2 edges), or triangular (3 edges).
To assign a fully developed flow profile, check Fully Developed on the Boundary Conditions quick edit dialog.
To correctly model many land-based aerodynamic applications such as the ground-effects on a car, the velocity difference between the object and the ground must be simulated. If the relative motion with the ground is neglected, the aerodynamic interaction between the object and the ground will not be properly computed.
When the analysis is run, the velocity applied to the ground surface simulates the relative air flow between the object and the ground.
This condition applies a rotating velocity to a wall, and is used for simulating a rotating object surrounded by a fluid. An example is the rotating disk in a computer hard drive. This condition does not induce flow caused by rotation (as in a pump impeller), and is not a turbo-machinery condition. (Use a rotating region for such applications.)
To assign a Rotational Velocity condition:
A Volume Flow Rate is applied to a planar openings. It is most often used as inlet condition, and is particularly useful if the density is constant throughout the analysis. A volume flow rate can be applied to an outlet, if the flow direction is out of the model.
To assign a Volume Flow Rate condition:
Unless the objective of an internal flow simulation is to study entrance effects, most pipe and duct flows are assumed to be fully developed. The fully developed flow profile is generally more physically realistic than a uniform (slug) profile. Its use eliminates the need to add an entrance length upstream of the model inlet.
The Fully Developed profile is an option for the Velocity (Normal direction) and Volume Flow Rate boundary conditions. It is available for the following planar surface types: quadrilateral (4 edges), circular (1 edge or 2 edges), or triangular (3 edges).
To assign a fully developed flow profile, check Fully Developed on the Boundary Conditions quick edit dialog.
A Mass Flow Rate is applied to a planar inlets or outlets. It is most often used as an inlet condition. A mass flow rate can be applied to an outlet, if the flow direction is out of the model.
To assign a Mass Flow Rate condition:
When applying to multiple surfaces at the same time, the flow direction must be the same.
The Pressure boundary condition is typically used as an outlet condition. The recommended (and most convenient) outlet condition is a static, gage pressure with a value of 0. When applied, no other conditions are needed at an outlet.
A non-zero pressure condition can be applied as an inlet condition. If the pressure drop through a device is known, specify the pressure drop at the inlet (as a static gage pressure), and a value of 0 static gage at the outlet.
To assign a Pressure condition:
Example assigning Pressure Boundary Condition
Gage is a relative pressure, and is the default. Absolute pressure is the sum of the gage and the Material Environment pressures.
Total pressure is the sum of the static pressure and the dynamic pressure, and is often useful for compressible analyses. For certain analyses, such as some turbomachinery applications, the total pressure is physically constant and the static pressure and velocity vary. For these analyses, applying a non-zero total pressure boundary condition is a recommended strategy.
The slip condition causes the fluid to flow along a wall instead of stopping at the wall, which typically occurs along a wall. Fluid is prevented from flowing through the wall, however.
Slip walls are useful for defining symmetry planes. The symmetry surface does not have to be parallel to a coordinate axis.
To assign a Slip condition:
There is no value associated with the Slip condition.
Example assigning a Slip/Symmetry boundary condition
The slip condition can be used with a very low fluid viscosity to simulate Euler (inviscid) flow.
This is a “natural” condition meaning that boundary is open, but no other constraints are applied.
Unknown is used mostly at the outlets of compressible flow analyses. For supersonic flow, neither the outlet pressure nor the velocity are known. Either condition could result in shock or expansion waves at the outlet.
To assign an Unknown condition:
There is no value associated with the Unknown condition.
Theoretical explanation
The Unknown boundary condition is a mixed Neumann-Dirichlet-type (specified value) boundary condition applied to the pressure variable. It is implemented into the solution in a two-part process:
This is a unitless quantity ranging between 0 and 1 that represents the concentration of the scalar quantity for tracking concentrations.
To assign a Scalar condition:
This is a unitless quantity ranging between 0 and 1 that represents relative humidity (1 corresponds to a humidity level of 100%).
To assign a Humidity condition:
This is a unitless quantity ranging between 0 and 1 that represents the steam quality (1 corresponds to a quality of 100%--pure steam).
To assign a SteamQuality condition:
External fan is another way to move flow in or out of a device. An external fan is defined as a head-capacity curve, resulting in an inlet flow rate that varies with the pressure drop of the device. This is a convenient way to determine the operating point of a fan for a particular flow path.
To assign an External Fan condition:
Periodic boundary conditions (cyclic symmetry) enable the simulation of a single passage of an axial or centrifugal turbomachine or of a non-rotating device with repeating features (passages).
Periodic boundaries are always applied in pairs; the two members of a periodic pair have identical flow distributions, and must be geometrically similar.
Periodic pairs are used at the inlet and outlets of repeating devices:
To assign a Periodic condition to Pair 1:
Repeat for the remaining pairs.
Periodic boundary conditions are a convenient way to include the effect of multiple repeating features in a simplified model. Because of the repeating geometry, the flow upstream and downstream of a device will be the same for each passage.